History of Lahore

Lahore (/ləˈhɔːr/; Urdu: لاہور‎; articulated [lɑːˈɦɔːɾ] (About this soundlisten); Punjabi: لہور; articulated [lɔ̀ːɾᵊ]) is the capital of the Pakistani region of Punjab and is the country's second biggest city after Karachi, just as the 26th biggest city in the world.[9] Lahore is perhaps the richest city with an expected GDP (PPP) of $84 billion as of 2019.[7][8] It is the biggest city and notable social focus of the more extensive Punjab region,[10][11][12][13] and is one of Pakistan's most socially liberal,[14] progressive,[15] and cosmopolitan cities.[16] 

Lahore's beginnings venture into artifact. The city has been constrained by various realms throughout its set of experiences, including the Hindu Shahis, Ghaznavids, Ghurids, and Delhi Sultanate by the archaic period. Lahore arrived at the stature of its magnificence under the Mughal Empire between the late sixteenth and mid eighteenth century, and filled in as its capital city for various years. The city was caught by the powers of the Afsharid ruler Nader Shah in 1739, then, at that point fell into a time of rot while being challenged between the Afghans and the Sikhs. Lahore in the end became capital of the Sikh Empire in the mid nineteenth century, and recaptured a portion of its lost grandeur.[17] Lahore was then attached to the British Empire, and made capital of British Punjab.[18] Lahore was vital to the freedom developments of the two India and Pakistan, with the city being the site of both the statement of Indian Independence, and the goal requiring the foundation of Pakistan. It encountered a portion of the most noticeably awful revolting during the Partition time frame going before Pakistan's independence.[19] Following the achievement of the Pakistan Movement and resulting autonomy in 1947, Lahore was pronounced capital of Pakistan's Punjab region. 

Lahore applies a solid social impact over Pakistan.[10] It is a significant place for Pakistan's distributing industry, and stays the first focus of Pakistan's artistic scene. The city is likewise a significant focal point of schooling in Pakistan,[20] with a portion of Pakistan's driving colleges situated in the city.[21] For some years, Lahore was home to Pakistan's entertainment world, Lollywood, however as of late most recording has moved to Karachi. Lahore is a significant focal point of Qawwali music.[22] The city additionally has quite a bit of Pakistan's traveler industry,[22][23] with significant attractions including the Walled City, the renowned Badshahi and Wazir Khan mosques, just as a few Sikh and Sufi sanctums. Lahore is likewise home to the Lahore Fort and Shalimar Gardens, the two of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[23] 

Substance 

1 Etymology 

2 History 

2.1 Early 

2.2 Medieval Era 

2.2.1 Ghaznavid 

2.2.2 Mamluk 

2.2.3 Tughluq 

2.2.4 Late Sultanates 

2.3 Mughals 

2.3.1 Early Mughal 

2.3.2 Akbar 

2.3.3 Jahangir 

2.3.4 Shah Jahan 

2.3.5 Aurangzeb 

2.3.6 Late Mughal 

2.4 Durrani Empire 

2.5 Sikh 

2.5.1 Early 

2.5.2 Sikh Empire 

2.5.3 Late 

2.6 British pioneer period 

2.7 Partition 

2.8 Modern 

3 Geography 

3.1 Climate 

4 Demographics 

4.1 Population 

4.2 Religion 

4.3 Languages 

5 Cityscape 

5.1 Old City 

5.2 Architecture 

5.2.1 Sikh period 

5.2.2 British period 

5.3 Parks and nurseries 

6 Economy 

7 Transport 

7.1 Public transportation 

7.1.1 Metro Bus 

7.2 Metro Train 

7.2.1 Orange Line 

7.2.2 Blue Line 

7.2.3 Purple Line 

7.3 Taxi and Rickshaw 

7.4 Urban (LOV) Wagon/Mini Bus 

7.5 Intercity transportation 

7.5.1 Railways 

7.5.2 Buses 

7.6 Airports 

7.7 Roads 

8 Government 

8.1 Metropolitan Corporation 

8.1.1 Mayor 

8.2 Neighbourhoods 

8.3 Politics 

9 Festivals 

10 Tourism 

10.1 Cuisine 

10.2 Religious locales 

10.3 Museums 

10.4 Tombs 

10.5 Shrines 

10.6 Samadhis 

10.7 Havelis 

10.8 Other tourist spots 

10.9 Historic areas 

11 Education 

12 Sports 

13 Twin towns and sister urban communities 

14 Awards 

15 See moreover 

16 References 

16.1 Bibliography 

17 External connections 

Historical underpinnings 

Fundamental article: Etymology of Lahore 

The beginning of Lahore's name is muddled. Lahore's name had been recorded by early Muslim students of history Luhawar, Lūhār, and Rahwar.[24] The Iranian Polymath and Geographer, Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni, alluded to the city as Luhāwar in his eleventh century work, Qanun,[24] while the artist Amir Khusrow, who lived during the Delhi Sultanate, recorded the city's name as Lāhanūr.[25] Yaqut al-Hamawi records the city's name as Lawhūr, referencing that it's broadly known as Lahāwar.[26] 

One hypothesis recommends that Lahore's name is a defilement of the word Ravāwar, as R to L movements are normal in dialects got from Sanskrit.[27] Ravāwar is the worked on way to express the name Iravatyāwar - a name potentially got from the Ravi River, known as the Iravati River in the Vedas.[27][28] Another hypothesis proposes the city's name might get from the word Lohar, signifying "blacksmith."[29] 

As per Hindu legend,[30][31] Lahore's name gets from Lavpur or Lavapuri ("City of Lava"),[32] and is said to have been established by Prince Lava,[33] the child of Sita and Rama. A similar record credits the establishing of adjacent Kasur, which was really established by Afghans in the Mughal period,[34] to his twin sibling Kusha.[35] 

History

 

Principle articles: History of Lahore and Timeline of Lahore 

Early 

Principle article: Origins of Lahore 

The Lava Temple at the Lahore Fort dates from the Sikh period,[36] and is devoted to the Hindu divinity Lava 

No conclusive records exist to clarify Lahore's soonest history, and Lahore's uncertain early history have led to different speculations about its foundation and history. Hindu legend expresses that Keneksen, the originator of the Great Suryavansha line, is accepted to have relocated out from the city.[37] Early records of Lahore are meager, yet Alexander the Great's students of history make no notice of any city close to Lahore's area during his attack in 326 BCE, proposing the city had not been established by that point, or was unimportant.[38] 

Ptolemy specifies in his Geographia a city called Labokla arranged close to the Chenab and Ravi Rivers which might have been concerning old Lahore, or a neglected archetype of the city.[39] Chinese pioneer Xuanzang gave a distinctive portrayal of a huge and prosperous anonymous city when he visited the area in 630 CE that might have been Lahore.[40] 

The principal record that makes reference to Lahore by name is the Hudud al-'Alam ("The Regions of the World"), written in 982 CE[41] in which Lahore is referenced as a town which had "amazing sanctuaries, huge business sectors and enormous orchards."[42][43] 

Not many different references to Lahore stay from before its catch by the Ghaznavid Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni in the eleventh century. Lahore seems to have filled in as the capital of Punjab during this time under Anandapala of the Kabul Shahi domain, who had moved the capital there from Waihind.[44] The capital would later be moved to Sialkot following Ghaznavid incursions.[40] 

Archaic Era 

Primary article: Early Muslim period in Lahore 

Ghaznavid 

The Data Darbar hallowed place, one of Pakistan's generally significant, was worked to recognize the supporter holy person of Lahore, Ali Hujwiri, who lived in the city during the Ghaznavid period in the eleventh century. 

King Mahmud of Ghazni caught Lahore on an unsure date, however under Ghaznavid rule, Lahore arose adequately as the realm's second capital.[40] In 1021, Sultan Mahmud designated Malik Ayaz to the Throne of Lahore—a governorship of the Ghaznavid Empire. The city was caught by Nialtigin, the defiant Governor of Multan, in 1034, in spite of the fact that his powers were removed by Malik Ayaz in 1036.[45] 

With the help of Sultan Ibrahim Ghaznavi, Malik Ayaz remade and repopulated the city which had been crushed after the Ghaznavid attack. Ayaz raised city dividers and a stone work fortress worked in 1037–1040 on the remnants of the past one,[46] which had been destroyed during the Ghaznavid attack. A confederation of Hindu sovereigns then, at that point fruitlessly laid attack to Lahore in 1043-44 during Ayaz' rule.[40] The city turned into a social and scholarly focus, eminent for verse under Malik Ayaz' reign.[47][48] 

Lahore was officially made the eastern capital of the Ghaznavid domain in 1152,[17] under the rule of Khusrau Shah.[49] The city then, at that point turned into the sole capital of the Ghaznavid realm in 1163 after the fall of Ghazni.[50] The whole city of Lahore during the archaic Ghaznavid time was most likely found west of the advanced Shah Alami Bazaar, and north of the Bhatti Gate.[17] 

Mamluk 

In 1187, the Ghurids attacked Lahore,[40] finishing Ghaznavid rule over Lahore. Lahore was made capital of the Mamluk Dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate following the death of Muhammad of Ghor in 1206. Under the rule of Mamluk ruler Qutbu l-Din Aibak, Lahore pulled in artists and researchers from as distant as Turkestan, Greater Khorasan, Persia, and Mesopotamia. Lahore as of now had a bigger number of artists writing in Persian than any city in Persia or Khorasan.[51][52] 

Following the demise of Aibak, Lahore came to be questioned among Ghurid officials. The city initially went under the control of the Governor of Multan, Nasir promotion Din Qabacha, prior to being momentarily caught by the king of the Mamluks in Delhi, Iltutmish, in 1217.[40] 

In a coalition with neighborhood Khokhars in 1223, Jalal promotion Din Mingburnu of the Khwarazmian administration of current Uzbekistan caught Lahore in the wake of escaping Genghis Khan's intrusion of Khwarazm.[40] Jalal advertisement Din's then, at that point escaped from Lahore to catch the city of Uch Sharif after Iltutmish's armed forces re-caught Lahore in 1228.[40] 

The danger of Mongol intrusions and political unsteadiness in Lahore made future Sultans view Delhi as a more secure capital for archaic Islamic India,[53] however Delhi had before been viewed as a forward base, while Lahore had been broadly viewed as the focal point of Islamic culture in the subcontinent.[53] 

Lahore went under logically more vulnerable focal standard under Iltutmish's relatives in Delhi - to the point that lead representatives in the city acted with incredible self-sufficiency